EN 10028-2 Grade P235GH normalized or normalized formed (+N) refers to a specific steel grade, P235GH, that conforms to the requirements of EN 10028-2 standard and has undergone normalization or normalized forming treatment.
P235GH is a pressure vessel steel grade that is commonly used in various industrial applications. The normalization process involves heating the steel plate to a specific temperature followed by air cooling in order to refine its microstructure and improve its mechanical properties. Normalized forming is a similar process where the steel is heated and then shaped while still in the austenitic range, followed by subsequent cooling.
The purpose of normalization or normalized forming is to enhance the strength, toughness, and weldability of the steel, making it suitable for pressure vessel applications. These treatments also help to reduce internal stresses and improve the uniformity of the material's structure.
By specifying "normalized" or "normalized formed (+N)" for EN 10028-2 Grade P235GH, it indicates that the steel has been subjected to one of these heat treatment processes to achieve the desired material properties and characteristics for pressure vessel fabrication.
Heat-resistant non-alloy quality steel for application in steam boiler and pressure vessel construction. Max. application temperature: approx. 400 °C
| Property | Temperature | Value | Condition | Related Standards | Shape |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 20 °C |
7.8 g/cm³
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| 20 °C |
7.8 - 7.85 g/cm³
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 20 °C |
7.85 g/cm³
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Property | Temperature | Value | Condition | Related Standards | Shape | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elastic modulus | -100 °C |
217 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 20 °C |
210 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
210 - 212 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
212 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
205 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
205 - 207 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
207 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
195 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
195 - 199 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
199 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
185 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
185 - 192 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
192 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
175 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
175 - 184 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
184 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
175 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 600 °C |
164 GPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| Elongation |
15.2 %
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|
Predicted Value, A200 | ||||
|
16.5 %
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|
Predicted Value, A80 | |||||
|
18.9 %
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|
Predicted Value, A5 | |||||
|
19.4 %
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|
Predicted Value, A50 | |||||
|
20.2 %
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|
Predicted Value, A80 Transverse | |||||
| 20 °C |
24 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
24 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| Hardness, Brinell |
245 [-]
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|
Predicted Value, Transverse | ||||
| Poisson's ratio | 20 °C |
0.284 [-]
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| Reduction of area |
41.4 %
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|
Predicted Value | ||||
|
42.4 %
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|
Predicted Value, Transverse | |||||
| Shear modulus |
82 GPa
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|
Typical for Low Carbon Steel | ||||
| Shear strength |
536 MPa
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|
Predicted Value | ||||
| Tensile strength | 20 °C |
340 - 480 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse |
| 20 °C |
340 - 480 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
350 - 480 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
350 - 480 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
360 - 480 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
360 - 480 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| Yield strength |
285.7 MPa
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|
Predicted Value, RP1 Transverse | ||||
|
295.4 MPa
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|
Predicted Value, RP1 | |||||
|
359.7 MPa
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|
Predicted Value, RP05 | |||||
|
413.1 MPa
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|
Predicted Value, RP02 Transverse | |||||
|
592.9 MPa
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|
Predicted Value, RP002 | |||||
| 20 °C |
170 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
170 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
185 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
185 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
200 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
200 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
215 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
215 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
225 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
225 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
235 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Transverse | |
| 20 °C |
235 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 50 °C |
164 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 50 °C |
179 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 50 °C |
193 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 50 °C |
208 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 50 °C |
218 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 50 °C |
227 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 100 °C |
155 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 100 °C |
168 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 100 °C |
182 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 100 °C |
196 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 100 °C |
205 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 100 °C |
214 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 150 °C |
143 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 150 °C |
156 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 150 °C |
169 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 150 °C |
181 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 150 °C |
190 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 150 °C |
198 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 200 °C |
132 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 200 °C |
143 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 200 °C |
155 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 200 °C |
167 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 200 °C |
174 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 200 °C |
182 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 250 °C |
121 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 250 °C |
131 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 250 °C |
142 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 250 °C |
153 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 250 °C |
160 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 250 °C |
167 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 300 °C |
111 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 300 °C |
121 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 300 °C |
130 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 300 °C |
140 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 300 °C |
147 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 300 °C |
153 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 350 °C |
103 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 350 °C |
112 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 350 °C |
121 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 350 °C |
130 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 350 °C |
136 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 350 °C |
142 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 400 °C |
97 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 400 °C |
105 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 400 °C |
114 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 400 °C |
122 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 400 °C |
128 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 | |
| 400 °C |
133 MPa
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | RP02 |
| Property | Temperature | Value | Condition | Related Standards | Shape | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | -100 °C |
1.08e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 20 °C |
1.19e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
1.25e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
1.3e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
1.36e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
1.41e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
1.45e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 600 °C |
1.49e-05 1/K
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| Max service temperature |
20 - 400 °C
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Long | |
|
400 °C
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | Long | ||
|
500 °C
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|
Typical for Carbon Steel | |||||
| Melting point |
1480 - 1526 °C
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|
Typical for Low Carbon Steel | ||||
| Specific heat capacity | -100 °C |
423 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 20 °C |
450 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
450 - 461 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
461 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
479 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
499 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
517 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
536 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
558 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 600 °C |
587 J/(kg·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| Thermal conductivity | 20 °C |
46.8 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 20 °C |
46.8 - 57.5 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 20 °C |
57.5 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
43 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
43 - 55.7 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 100 °C |
55.7 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
40 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
40 - 51.9 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
51.9 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
36 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
36 - 47.6 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
47.6 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
32 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
32 - 43.4 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
43.4 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
29 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
29 - 39.6 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
39.6 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 600 °C |
36 W/(m·K)
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| Thermal diffusivity | 20 °C |
15.9 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 100 °C |
14.3 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
12.5 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
10.8 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
9.2 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
7.6 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 600 °C |
6.1 mm²/s
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Property | Temperature | Value | Condition | Related Standards | Shape | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical conductivity |
6 S/m
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|
Predicted Value | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 20 °C |
1.1e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| 100 °C |
2.3e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 200 °C |
3.04e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 300 °C |
3.94e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 400 °C |
5.01e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 500 °C |
6.25e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | ||
| 600 °C |
7.7e-07 Ω·m
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Property | Value | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Curie temperature |
770 °C
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|
Typical for Low Carbon Steel |
| Property | Value | Condition | Related Standards | Shape |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium |
0.02 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Carbon |
0.16 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Chromium |
0.3 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Copper |
0.3 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Manganese |
0.6 - 1.2 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Molybdenum |
0.08 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Nickel |
0.3 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Niobium |
0.02 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Nitrogen |
0.012 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Phosphorus |
0.025 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Silicon |
0.35 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Sulfur |
0.01 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
|
0.015 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat | |
| Titanium |
0.03 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Vanadium |
0.02 %
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|
normalized or normalized formed (+N) | EN 10028-2 | Flat |
| Property | ||
|---|---|---|
| Supplier Disclaimer | The given information is a rough description and some properties can depend on various factors such as product thickness. Please contact the supplier or refer to the related norm or standard for further information. | |